Methods and Techniques for Measuring the Rotation Surface of the Sun: A Review

Abstract

This study examines scientific contributions from 1611 to 2024 and investigates techniques for detecting solar rotation velocity, highlighting the discovery of differential rotation through early sunspot observations in the 17th century by Christoph Scheiner and Galileo Galilei. Tools such as helioseismology and magnetographs have provided increasingly precise measurements as technology advanced, revealing significant variations in solar rotation at various depths and latitudes. The work highlights the cumulative aspect of solar rotation research, demonstrating how each discovery enhances previous findings to create a more comprehensive picture of solar dynamics and its influence on space weather.