Basrah Journal of Science (Bas. J. Sci.) has been published since 1968 by the University of Basrah/College of Science. Basrah Journal of Science is PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS (no fees for readers and no article processing charges or publication fees for authors) and publishes peer-reviewed articles in a variety of scientific fields, such as mathematics, computer science, chemistry, physics, biology, geology, etc. In addition, the publisher expects authors to submit original manuscripts that contain analysis and solutions regarding significant theoretical, empirical, and normative issues. The journal publishes three issues annually in addition to conference-specific issues. The Online ISSN is 2664-9696, and the Print ISSN is 2664-8288. We are looking forward to publishing your academic work in the Bas. J. Sci.
University of Basrah, College of Science
High-Efficiency Adsorption and Sustainable Desorption of Anionic Dyes Using a Novel AC–Fe₂O₃/ZnO Nanocomposite
This study proposes the preparation of a novel adsorbent material, AC-ZnO-Fe₂O₃, synthesized using activated carbon derived from plastic waste and metal oxides produced via co-precipitation methods. The structural and physicochemical characteristics of the prepared adsorbent were examined using FTIR, XRD, BET, and EDX analyses. Particle size estimation performed by SEM revealed values of 63.29 nm for activated carbon (AC), 91.69 nm for Fe2O3, 68.79 nm for ZnO, and 72.11 nm for the composite (AC-ZnO-Fe2O3). Zeta potential measurement recorded a negative surface charge of it-42.2 mV. The batch adsorption technique was employed to evaluate the removal efficiency of two anionic dyes, Eosin Blue (EB) and Fuchsin Acid (FA), under varying operational conditions, including equilibrium time, temperature, pH, and agitation speed. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiencies reached 77.17% and 88.21% for EB and FA, respectively. Adsorption isotherm analyses demonstrated that the Freundlich model provided the best results. In addition, thermodynamic parameters were calculated, and a negative ∆Gᴼ value was obtained, indicating a spontaneous adsorption process and confirming the endothermic nature of the reaction. Finally, Desorption experiments were conducted to achieve high recovery efficiencies of 98.46% For EB and 75.81% For FA, using water as the solvent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayat S. Al-Maliki , Dunya A. Al-Abbawy and Zuhair A. Abdulnabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Melanin production and biosynthetic pathways in Aspergillus section Nigri species cultured in liquid media
As a result of being cost-friendly, consuming fewer chemicals and enabling simple purification, means for preparing the natural pigment melanin have become a dominant avenue. This study aimed to characterise and determine the amount and type of biosynthesis of fungal melanin from 8 species of Aspergillus section Nigri cultured in two liquid culture media, including potato dextrose broth (PDB) and L-tyrosine PDB, for 21 days. Aspergillus section Nigri species were identified by using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (BenA) and calmodulin (CaM). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of melanin using ultraviolet-visible analysis, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the extracted melanin amount in powder form them were ranged from (0.3-2 g) at the end of incubation in culture media. The concentration of melanin extracted from species cultured in PDB was ranged from (37.40-134.28 ppm) while in L-tyrosine PDB liquid media, the findings indicate that the concentration range was (53.03-140.53ppm). Two inhibitors were used to determine the biosynthetic pathway, difenoconazole used for the first time, and kojic acid. l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine was the pathway for melanin synthesis in A. niger and A. brasiliensis, and all the investigated species commonly produced melanin through the DHN pathway.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shaymaa S. Raheem, Mohanad K. Mohammed Ameen & Mustafa A. AL-Dossary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of heavy metals pollution in polluted soils in Basrah city, Iraq
Soil pollution with heavy metals has wide attention in recent years because of its hazardous and toxicity to human health. This study is carried out to evaluate the heavy metals contamination in soils near thermal power plants and private electrical generators in Basrah city and assessed the metal pollution status of soil using geoaccumulation Index. The results showed that the concentration of Cd ranged (0.93 - 4.905) µg g-1, Pb ranged (22.96 - 38.995) µg g-1, Ni ranged (13.66 - 63.635) µg g-1 and Cu ranged (4.645 - 44.66) µg g-1. Heavy metals in this study showed increasing in their concentration comparing with the background concentration of these metals in the earth crust. The Igeo values of the four metals were as follows: Cd > Ni > Pb > Cu. The annual mean of Igeo values of Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu ranged (2.6 – 5), (– 0.4 - 0.4), (– 1.1 - 1.1) and (– 3.0 - 0.3) respectively. The using of Igeo of soil provides a view on soil contamination assessment with heavy metals in the studied area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fadya M. Saleem, Hussain T. Khreebsh and Sukaina M. Altaher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Mixed Fullerene Ratio on the Optical and Electrical Properties of P3HT: ICxA Bulk Heterojunction Thin Films and Optical Modelling of OPV Devices.
A series of P3HT: ICxA BHJ thin films was prepared with different donor–acceptor ratios to assess the influence of fullerene concentration on the optical and electrical properties of the active layer. Six acceptor ratios were considered (1:0.5, 1:0.8, 1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.5 and 1:2) in this article. The topography of the surface was examined by capturing the AFM images, which confirmed that all samples exhibited an RMS of roughness (2~4 nm). The optical measurements of P3HT: ICxA revealed that the blending ratio (1:1.2) exhibited the highest optical response in comparison with other samples. For all films, the absorption coefficient satisfied α > 10⁴ cm⁻¹, indicating the occurrence of direct electronic transitions within the active layer. Electrical measurements as a function of sample temperature were demonstrated in the range of (25- 65 oC) at dark and light conditions. A photoactive layer, P3HT: ICxA, generates relatively similar values of current in both heating and cooling cycles, that suggested active layer morphology optimized and remained well-ordered throughout the thermal process. Finally, optical modelling of a complete OPV device was performed, and its results supported and confirmed the trends observed in both the optical and electrical measurements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Al-Huda H. Ali and Mohammed F. Al-Mudhaffer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Growth and Characterization of ZnO Nanorods Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Photoanodes
Chemical bath deposition (CBD) was used effectively to create zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, which were then used as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The production of a Wurtzite-type hexagonal crystalline phase with a preferential orientation along the (002) plane was confirmed by structural characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed vertically aligned nanorods with uniform morphology. Optical analysis via UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated reduced band gap of (3.27) eV and high transparency in the visible spectrum compared to bulk ZnO. The fabricated DSSCs based on these ZnO (NRs) Photoanodes exhibited under air mass (AM 1.5G) solar illumination simulation, the photocurrent density (Jsc) was 0.911 mA/cm², the filling factor (FF) was 29%, the open circuit voltage (Voc) was 0.27 V, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) was 0.07%. These results suggest that ZnO nanorods preparation via CBD present a promising low-cost alternative for DSSC photoanodes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor A. Abdullah, Basil A. Abdullah and Manal Z. Rajab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Laser-Induced Graphene Formation Enhanced by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma on Polyamide Film
This research work, demonstrates the surface modification of polyamide films by two processes, cold plasma treatment combined with laser irradiation through laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique (LIBS). A nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser was employed with various pulse energy of (500, 550, 600) mJ to induce surface carbonization after plasma treatment with various duration of (1,3,5) minutes. The influence of plasma treatment time on the laser-induced carbonization was studied. The results showed that plasma pre-treatment is significantly enhancing the laser interaction with the polyamide surface among the examined durations, 3 minutes of plasma exposure time produced the most intense LIBS spectra. This is leading to optimal surface activation for carbon formation. The obtained results are offering availability of tuning the polyamide surface properties for applications in the field of photonics, sensing, and flexible electronic technologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shaimaa S. Mahdi, Intisar A. Hamed and Kadhim A. Aadim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and Performance Analysis of Dual-Bands Two-Port Guitar Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for 5G Applications
A guitar-shaped microstrip patch antenna with rectangular slots was developed and designed to increase bandwidth and improve gain for use in wireless communication applications such as GPS and Wi-Fi. The patch design consists of two half circle sections separated by a space containing four rectangular slots of varying lengths. These slots are arranged along the feed strip line within the second half circle, spaced 0.5 mm apart. The first half circle, with a radius of 10 mm, contains two square apertures of dimensions 2×2 mm2 , while the second half circle, with a radius of 8 mm, contains a central rectangular aperture of 3×1.5 mm². The patch and ground layer have a thick of 0.035 mm. FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and dimension 1.55×40.3×36 mm3, HFSS simulation software was used to design the antenna. The antenna receives and operates at two specific frequencies, 2.8 GHz and 6.8 GHz, with S11 reflection coefficients of -35 dB and -45 dB, respectively, demonstrating good matching and low power loss. By studying the resonant frequencies, it was found that the proposed antenna in this paper achieves gain values ​​at 2 dB and 2.39 dB. As for the bandwidth, it was (0.5, 2.89) GHz at -10dB during the simulation process, while it was (0.43, 2.2) GHz in the experiment. The antenna efficiency is clearly shown in the C-band such as Satellite Communications, Weather Radar Systems, Wi-Fi and Cordless Phones and the X-band, such as Maritime Radar, and Air Traffic Control.
Guitar-shaped Microstrip patch Antenna Arrays
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafid A. Jasim and Raed M. Shaaban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preparation of Gold Nanoparticles Using Laser Ablation Technique: Influence of Wavelengths and Pulse Number
The possibility of producing pure and impurity-free nanostructures makes laser ablation in liquids an interesting technique for producing nanostructure. This physical approach is easy, safe, economical, and fast compared to biological and chemical preparation techniques. In this work, the technique was applied to prepare gold nanoparticles using a pulsed Nd: YAG laser with constant energy and repetition rate. The wavelengths were varied, and three harmonics were used (1064, 532, and 355 nm). Ablation was performed using different pulse numbers (300, 400, and 500 pulses) for each harmonic, and deionized water was used as the liquid medium, resulting in a colloidal solution of a reddish-pink color that contained gold nanoparticles. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized both structurally and optically. In general, the average crystalline sizes of the resulting nanoparticles ranged between (9 - 15 nm), which appeared in different shapes as some samples were elliptical and some were spherical depending on the size and concentration resulting from changing the ablation parameters, where their average diameters ranged between (11- 46 nm). These parameters also affected the width and height of the absorption peak of the nanoparticles, which represents the surface plasmon resonance. It was thus found that (532 nm) is the best wavelength for preparation in this study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maha M. Ibrahim , Faleh L. Mater and Sahar N. Rashid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Computational Construction of New Projective Linear Codes of Dimension 4 over GF(11)
This article investigates recent developments in computational research aimed at discovering new linear codes of dimension <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>4</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> over the Galois field <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>GF</m:r><m:r>(11)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . We define an <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>[</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>, </m:r><m:r>k</m:r><m:r>, </m:r><m:r>d</m:r><m:r>]</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>q</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> code as a <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>k</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> -dimensional subspace of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>GF</m:r><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>q</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>n</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> with minimum Hamming distance <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>d</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Utilizing advanced computational techniques and algorithms, we study projective linear codes of dimension <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>4</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> derived from caps of degree <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>3</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>4</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>5</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> containing an elliptic quadric. Our analysis focuses on linear codes within the length range <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>123≤</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>≤273</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , representing the potential minimum Hamming distance for these codes across various <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>n</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> values. Through the computation of their weight enumerators, we introduce 969 new projective linear codes over <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>GF</m:r><m:r>(11)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Furthermore, we establish the following lower bounds for the maximum size of caps of degree <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>r</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> in <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>PG</m:r><m:r>(3, 11)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> : <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>m</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>3</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>(3, 11)≥140</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>m</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>4</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>(3, 11)≥196</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>m</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>(3, 11)≥273</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . These results refine the known boundaries of coding theory parameters and enhance the reliability of error correction in high-order fields.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor A. Jasim and Mohammed A. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mₑᵛ-Polynomial and Vertex-Edge Topological Indices of Graphs
Let <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>G</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> be a simple connected undirected graph with <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>n</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> vertices and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>m</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> edges, the vertex to edge version of M-polynomial is a graph polynomial based on the comparison between vertices and edges of the graph <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>G</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . We denote the vertex to edge version of M-polynomial by <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r>M</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>e</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>v</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> -Polynomial and defined by: <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r>M</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>e</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>v</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>(</m:r><m:r>G</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>,</m:r><m:r>x</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>,</m:r><m:r>y</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>)=</m:r><m:nary><m:naryPr><m:chr m:val="∑"/><m:limLoc m:val="undOvr"/><m:grow m:val="on"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:naryPr><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>n</m:r></m:sup><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></m:e></m:nary><m:nary><m:naryPr><m:chr m:val="∑"/><m:limLoc m:val="undOvr"/><m:grow m:val="on"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:naryPr><m:sub><m:r>j</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=1</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>d</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>G</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d></m:sup><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> </m:r></m:e></m:nary><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>x</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>d</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>G</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>y</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>d</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>G</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>e</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>j</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> where <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>d</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>G</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> are degrees of vertices <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>d</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>G</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>e</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>j</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> are degrees of edges <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>e</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>j</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> which are defined to be the number of neighbors of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>e</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>j</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> . In this paper, the <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r>M</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>e</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>v</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> -polynomial and two new proposed vertex-edge version of topological indices, namely vertex-edge versions of geometric arithmetic <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>G</m:r><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r>A</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>e</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>v</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> , and Nirmala <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r>N</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>e</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>v</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> indices have been calculated for selecting graphs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akar H. Karim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CNN-Based Cloud System for Student Identification from Incomplete Registration Records
Universities need a decent student identification system to avoid unauthorized attendance. Nonetheless, missing information in registration records creates serious challenges for current recognition schemes. We created a cloud-based facial recognition system using ResNet-based convolutional neural networks to recognize students' faces from video-based images with incomplete enrollment data. The system utilized 270 images taken from nine students under different conditions; using these images, a result of 97% accuracy was achieved at a similarity of 75% to 100%. The approach utilizes notifications when unauthorized access is detected and uses cloud infrastructure for deployment. These results show that identification in these situations can be done using deep-learning models. This can prove fruitful in campus security and other registration management services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alyaa Jaber Jalil and Maytham Alabbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Deep Learning for Failure Recovery and Efficiency Enhancement in Hypercube Networks
Hypercube networks are widely used in parallel and distributed computing systems due to their high scalability and inherent fault tolerance. However, node or link failures lead to significant performance degradation, negatively impacting data throughput and network availability. This research presents a novel deep learning-based framework for intelligent fault recovery in hypercube networks, utilizing dimensionally sensitive convolutional neural networks. The proposed model is designed to operate across different dimensions of the hypercube (2D, 4D, and 6D) and is trained using artificially generated fault scenarios involving node and link failures. Experimental results demonstrate a significant performance improvement compared to traditional methods. In the 2-dimensional hypercube, the recovery time decreased to 0.1905 seconds, the throughput increased to 0.5, and the response time was reduced to 1.9608 seconds, compared to 3.8462 seconds in the traditional approach. In the 4-dimensional cube configuration, recovery time improved from 0.2319 seconds to 0.1825 seconds, throughput increased from 0.1484 to 0.25, and response time decreased from 6.3116 seconds to 3.8462 seconds. In the 6-dimensional configuration, cycles per second decreased from 0.2014 to 0.1709, throughput increased from 0.0405 to 0.0938, and response time decreased from 19.7913 seconds to 9.6386 seconds. These results confirm the effectiveness of deep learning in enabling adaptive, resilient, and self-healing networking, thereby enhancing the reliability and performance of large-scale distributed systems in fault-prone environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Turkan A. Khaleel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Deep Learning Approach for Diabetic Retinopathy and Cataract Detection
This study describes a composite deep learning-based model of automated retinal image recognition that simultaneously targets to detect diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataracts. The proposed approach combines both a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract robust spatial features and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to model feature dependencies in sequence, which allows detecting both ocular conditions with high accuracy using the same system. Retinopathy and cataracts are among the major causes of vision loss that are irreversible in cases of delay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Traditional diagnostic methods tend to neglect the combined use of feature and pattern recognition and therefore lead to a low degree of diagnostic reliability. In this paper, extensive image preprocessing practices and data augmentation practices are used to increase the model's robustness and generalization. The CNNLSTM model suggested is trained with the help of TensorFlow and Keras and tested on multiple publicly available retinal image datasets, including over 29,000 labeled images, Messidor-2, DDR, ODIR-5K, and APTOS-2019. In general, the current research presents a valid and effective deep learning system that can be used to detect diabetic retinopathy and cataracts early and consistently with a high degree of accuracy (94.5%), sensitivity (92.3%), specificity (96.8%), and, consequently, the F1-score (92.9) under identical experimental conditions and outperforms CNN-only and RNN-only baseline systems. Generally, the proposed research presents a stable and efficient deep learning framework that can be used to identify diabetic retinopathy and cataracts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahraa H. Ali, Adala M. Chaid, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbard, Vincent Omollo Nyangaresie and Ali Hasan Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Deep Learning Approaches for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex etiology that presents obstacles to an early and reliable diagnosis. Recent innovations in deep learning (DL) have revolutionized ASD research by allowing the automatic identification of subtle, non-linear signatures from noisy and data-rich heterogeneous and multimodal sources. In this work, we provide the first systematic comparative study of 23 recent DL models for ASD detection, spanning multiple multimodal datasets from facial imaging, neuroimaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/electroencephalogram (EEG), eye-tracking, kinematic profiles, and electronic health records (EHRs) via novel fusion architectures. Modern architectural designs such as Vision Transformers (ViTs), hybrid DL frameworks, attention-augmented models, and ensemble strategies achieve consistently high diagnostic accuracies that notably surpass the capabilities of classical machine learning (ML) approaches. Secondly, the improvement in transfer learning and multimodal fusion, together with interpretability methods (e.g., gradient-weighted class activation mapping (GradCAM) and attention heatmaps), makes features representable and strengthens the generalization of models. Although formidable progress has been made in this area, the adoption of real-world applications is still hampered by the heterogeneity of datasets, the lack of demographic representation and diversity among validation cohorts, and variations in clinical environments. This will necessitate the adoption of standardized pipelines, strict cross-population validation, and explanatory AI frameworks designed to ensure transparency and clinical utility. In sum, realizing the transformative capacity of DL for ASD Dx relies on ongoing interdisciplinary partnerships among computer scientists, clinicians, and neuroscientists to deliver new solutions that are both accurate and inclusive in nature (i.e., they need to be clinically relevant), as well as principled from an ethical point of view.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sameeh A. Jassim , Aythem Kh. Kareem and Ahmed A. Nafea https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Paraoxonase-1 Levels and Q192R (rs662) Gene Polymorphism as Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Patients From Basra-Iraq
Paraoxonase-1 is an antioxidant enzyme within the high density lipoprotein (HDL) that is important in avoiding low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and lowering the risk of atherosclerosis. The PON1 gene is highly polymorphic, which has a profound effect on the activity of the enzyme as well as the levels of its presence in the bloodstream and its predisposition toward cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the case-control study was to determine the relationship between the PON1 Q192R (rs662) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and coronary artery disease (CAD) among Iraqi Basra population. The number of patients with CAD was 129 and controls were 66. The technique of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to perform genotyping. The findings showed a strong difference between the allele distribution in patients and controls (P < 0.05). The associations did not exceed the level of statistical significance, whereas odds ratios were higher among patients. Nonetheless, binary logistic regression analysis found out that the carriers of the R allele (QR and RR genotypes) were more likely to develop CAD. These results indicate the significance of PON1 in cardiovascular protection and indicate that the Q192R polymorphism may have an impact on genetic susceptibility to CAD in the Iraqi population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wisal A. Salem, Dawood S. Ali and Hamid J. Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determination of some biomarkers in male rats exposed to oxidative stress and treated with macadamia oil
Oxidative stress is bad because it destroys cells and damages organs including the heart, liver, and kidneys. Eating additional antioxidants, such as different oils, can help reduce the levels of biomarkers that are associated to oxidative stress. This can help reduce the risk of the diseases progressing. In a study of the protective role of macadamia oil (MO) against oxidative stress induced by H2O2. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups, each consisting of 5 rats. The G 1 (negative control group) was given drinking water, the G2 (positive control group) was given regular feed and drinking water containing only 0.5% H2O2, the G3 (healthy rats + MO) was given regular feed and drinking water, and daily oral 0.5 ml/kg dose of macadamia oil, while the G 4 (H2O2 +MO) was given regular feed and drinking water containing 0.5% H2O2, plus a daily oral dose of MO, and measuring some biochemical parameters, such as glucose, uric acid urea and creatinine, AST, ALT, LDH, Troponin I, CK-BM, T. C, T.G, HDL, LDL, CRP, MDA, GSH, weight of animals. Also the rats were euthanized, and the liver, heart, aorta, and kidneys tissues were histopathologically evaluated. The study's results revealed that treatment with H2O2 (G2) caused most biochemical markers to rise significantly, like glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, AST, ALT, LDH, Troponin I, CK-BM, and there were big changes in blood lipids, TC, T.G, HDL levels dropped, C-RP levels went up sharply, and GSH levels dropped sharply. MDA levels also went up sharply compared to G1. Even though they began with a lower weight, the positive control group ended up with a greater final weight (217.00 ± 3.89 g) than the negative control group. When treated with MO, on the other hand, (G3 and G4) exhibited a significant recovery, with all indications reverting to normal or near to normal levels. According to the findings, macadamia oil can be used to combat inflammation, antioxidant system facilitation and the preservation of the metabolic equilibrium in cases of oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aya I. Rashan, Rana T. Altaee, May G Aldabbagh and Alaa Abdulazeez Alashmta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Physiological Parameters in Male Rats with Dexamethasone-Induced Osteoporosis: Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, Calcium, Phosphorus, and Reproductive Hormones
This study examined how dexamethasone, a commonly used corticosteroid, affects key biochemical, hormonal, and physiological functions in male rats. We focused on its impact on body weight, kidney function, mineral balance, and hormonal regulation. Our results showed that dexamethasone caused significant weight loss and impaired kidney function, evidenced by increased levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, along with reduced total protein. Additionally, dexamethasone disrupted mineral metabolism by lowering vitamin D and calcium levels while raising parathyroid hormone and phosphorus, indicating potential bone metabolism disturbances. Hormonal analysis revealed elevated follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone but reduced testosterone, suggesting interference with reproductive hormone regulation. These findings demonstrate that dexamethasone induces widespread physiological disruptions, highlighting the need for careful monitoring of these parameters during corticosteroid treatment to minimize adverse effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sumayah F. Kasim, Arwa H. M. AL-Saeed and Muna H. M. AL-Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Investigating of Sarcocystis fusiformis Infection in cattle (Bos taurus) in Basra Province/ Iraq
One of the most common foodborne tissue cyst-forming coccidia endangering public health as well as veterinary medicine is Sarcocystis species. Identifying Sarcocysts infection prevalence in slaughtered cattle (Bos taurus) was the goal of the presented work. Esophageal muscles underwent molecular analysis, macroscopic cyst inspection, and ELISA. Sarcocystis antigens were detected using ELISA test, and the results showed that 160 of 300 cattle (53.3%) were infected. The 18S rDNA gene of 160 from the sarcocyst has been amplified using PCR. Of the samples of cattle esophageal muscles that were tested, 47.5% had a positive PCR result depending on 18S rDNA Sarcocystis. Aligning 18S rDNA sequences as well as phylogenetic sequences of 17 PCR results indicated high identity percents with Sarcocystis fusiformis previously indicated in gene bank. Every Iraqi isolate was added to the gene bank as a new isolate. Age had a statistically significant impact on the molecular and ELISA results.
Copyright (c) 2026 E.L.M. AL-Hilo, B. H. Abdallah and F. A. Abdallah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A study on Quorum Sensing gene gen luxS and Mixed biofilm dynamics of Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans in Urinary Tract Infections
The role of biofilm formation is to act as protective defences to harbour bacteria, aids them to avoid the host immune system as well as the exposure to antibiotics. This is especially relevant to the case of urinary tract infections (UTIs), where biofilm forming bacteria causes recurring and persistent infection. This study was founded to identify the quorum- sensing gene luxS which is related to the formation of biofilm and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profile of Proteus mirabilis, and finally to isolate Candida albicans yeast using urinary samples of women with UTIs. 270 midstream urine samples were obtained after collecting female patients aged 15 to 70 years at Kirkuk hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq, over the period April, to October, 2024. Culture was done on appropriate media after the samples were examined microscopically. Among the whole, 20 samples (7.4%) gave growth of bacteria that was characterised as Proteus. mirabilis and 30 isolated as Candida albicans. The results of an antibiotic susceptibility test were low sensitivity to ampicillin (20%), high sensitivity to vancomycin (80%), levofloxacin (90%), and total sensitivity (100%) to imipenem and amikacin. Eighty percent were positive in biofilm growth, i.e., 16 out of 20 isolates. In molecular analysis, 100 percent or all the 20 isolates had luxS gene which is involved in the production of signaling molecules in quorum sensing, and is given significant role in pathogenicity and biofilm. Such results imply that luxS gene is distributed widely among P. mirabilis isolates and can influence antibiotic resistance, thus being one of the targets in the future treatment strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shara Najmaldeen Abdullah, Wasan Dheyaa Fahem and Hussein A. R. Abbood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation and identification bacteriophage of E coli O157: H7 Acute Diarrhea children patients
Bacteriophages are viral particles present everywhere bacteria can be found. Current estimates suggest that over 10^31 bacteriophages exist in the world, which is greater than the total of all living organisms and even bacteria combined. This study gathered a total of5out of 100samples comprising stool from children patient with acute diarrhea in order to investigate if a highly effective phage alternative therapy could be developed. Four different antibiotics were tested using Kirby- Bauer Method for sensitivity tests the results indicated isolation showed high resistance (100%) for Ceftazidime, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin ceftriaxone, Antibiotics. while showed Low resistance with (0%) for Meropenem. Phage antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against four strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 expressing multidrug-resistance isolated from children suffering from diarrhea feverish illness. All tested isolates were responsive (40%) to the action of bacteriophage lysis.. Final results indicated that 60% of our study was highly active against phages in vivo, whereas 50% was sensitive for them in vitro E.coli O157:H7. This indicates that indeed bacteriophage applied as an anti E.coli O157:H7 therapy works remarkably well on the targeted strain of application gastrointestinal tract.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahad Raad Mezaal, Zahraa F. Al-Khero, Sahar Taha Hatif and Rafeezul Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Extraction of flavonoids from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Sporobolomyces roseus and evaluation of their antibacterial activity
The aim of this study was to extract flavonoids from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Sporobolomyces roseus and evaluate their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial pathogens. Flavonoids (F) were extracted from yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Sporobolomyces roseus) using 70% acetone, followed by separation and purification through thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography. The compounds were then identified using UV absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The result showed the final purified of flavonoids recorded 10% of flavonoid (F1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 8% of flavonoid (F2) from Sporobolomyces roseus. UV absorbance spectroscopy and FTIR results showed that both F1 and F2 agents have polar natures with similar purified flavonoids basic backbone structures. F1 and F2 agents showed high antibacterial activities against all the tested bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Agent F1 exhibited the lowest MIC range (7.8–31.25 µg/ml), while F2 had a consistent MIC of 62.5 µg/ml against all tested bacteria. These findings suggest that yeast-derived flavonoids have potential as alternative antimicrobial agents for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Mshari, Najwa M. J. Abu Mejdad and Khairallah A.S. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fungal diversity and mycotoxin production in nuts sold in Basrah governorate, Iraq
Nuts are widely consumed as they are a rich source of many compounds beneficial to the human body, but despite their low water content, they are highly susceptible to fungal infections. This study assesses the diversity of fungi associated with three common dry nuts being sold in Basrah/Iraq local market pistachios, cashews, and walnuts with study their ability to produce mycotoxins. All examined nuts species exhibit various fungal species, the anamorphic fungi were predominant with occurrence rate of 84% representing 21 species followed by Ascomycota and Zygomycota each with occurrence rate of 8%. During this study, 25 fungal species were isolated, Aspergillus niger was the predominant one with 100% of occurrence either with the surface sterilized or non-sterilized nuts and with 68 % frequency rate in surface- sterilized nuts, and 74% frequency rate in non-sterilized nuts. The results for mycotoxins production indicate that most isolated fungi with 20 species were able to produce toxins with various rate from low to high level. The study assumes that dry nuts in Basrah local markets carry potential fungal species and needed to apply effective quality monitoring of food available to customers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saja. A. Yousif & Mustafa A. Al-Dossary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Orange Peel Extract on Male Chickens' Reproductive Systems to Lessen Gamma-Ray-Induced Oxidative Damage
The study aims to determine the effects of oxidative damage caused by gamma radiation on adult chickens reproductive system. The overall sperm is (1x 106cells per ejaculation) rather than concentration in (1x 106cells per ml.). The data of cock chicken semen size, concentration of semen, and most sperm rose considerably respect to increasing the old, but only at a few ages that were chosen to be the control group, not at all. After 60 days of γ -ray irradiation, these values were found. Weak dose rates (low intensity) of 49.6, 20.48, as opposed to 17.85 Gy/h, were used. A chronic dose rate (long-term exposure) of 7 hours per day showed a considerable decrease when the soft dosage rate was progressively elevated. The semen size drop ratio with irradiation doses of around 4–15% rather than semen concentrations of nearly 4.8–13% for three continuous moderate dosages was contrasted with the unexposed group for every generation of calves. With higher gamma rays dose levels, Both groups' rate data showed a considerable decline in all parameters. However, Orange peel extract, or Citrus x aurantium, is utilized in both work and as a preventative substance against oxidative damage caused by radiation exposure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qusay Kh. Al-Dulamey & Abdalrahman Al-Salihi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Utilizing COMSOL Wave Functions to Improve Microscopic Computations for Double-Quantum-Dot Spin Qubit
In microscopic computations for double-quantum dot spin qubits, the Heitler-London (HL) and Hund-Mulliken (HM) approximations are commonly used. Our study assesses the exchange interaction between triplet and singlet states within a coupled double quantum dots (DQDs) near a (Si/SiO2) interface, employing COMSOL Multiphysics wave functions. We utilize two different models for the DQDs potential based on the inter-dot distance (d). These computations are conducted within a specific area of interest, considering various potentials. Our results are compared to scenarios where Fock-Darwin (FD) states are used and the solution to a one-dimensional(1D) Schrödinger equation is precisely known. Our findings demonstrate the efficiency of the employed technique and provide valuable insights into the reliability and accuracy of the chosen computational strategy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emad. S. Taiyh & Sabah M.M. Ameen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On Concircular Curvature Tensor and Curvature Identities of C_5⊕C_12-Manifolds
In this article, we determine the necessary and sufficient condition that makes <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold classified as almost <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>C</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>(κ)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold. We discover <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold belongs to the class <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>C</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> and then to the class <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>C</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> because <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r> </m:r><m:r>C</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊂</m:r><m:r>C</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> , however, this manifold does not belong to the class <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>C</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> unless its dimension is 3, or it rounds to <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold. We obtain the basic condition that makes <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold has pointwise constant <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> Φ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> -holomorphic sectional curvature (pointwise constant <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Φ</m:r><m:r>HS</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> -curvature). Moreover, we get the components of the concircular curvature tensor on the G-structure adjoined space (GSA-space) of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold. Also, we conclude that both <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold of class <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>C</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> and the concircularly flat <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold has scalar curvature <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>s</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>=</m:r><m:r>-</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>(2</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>+</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>1)</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>α</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Finally, we find a specific relationship between an Einstein manifold and a concircularly flat <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>5</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>⊕</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="script"/><m:sty m:val="i"/></m:rPr>C</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>12</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> -manifold.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali A. Abdulaali & Mohammed. Y. Abass https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Domination Numbers of Generalized Petersen Graph Gp(n,k)
Generalized Petersen graph <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>Gp</m:r><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>,</m:r><m:r>k</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> is a graph whose vertex set <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>V</m:r><m:r>={</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>u</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>,</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>u</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>2</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>,…,</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>u</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>n</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>, </m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>,</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>2</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>,…,</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>n</m:r><m:r> </m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>} </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and the edge-set <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r> </m:r><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>{</m:r><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>u</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>,</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>u</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r><m:r>+1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d><m:r>,</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>u</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>,</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d><m:r>, </m:r><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>,</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>v</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>i</m:r><m:r>+</m:r><m:r>k</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:e></m:d><m:r> ;1≤</m:r><m:r>i</m:r><m:r>≤</m:r><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>}</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , this graph with dominate used to study the network, image processing, encryp, and others. This paper studied two types of dominating sets (bi and triple) of the generalized Petersen graph for some <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>n</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>k</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and find the domination numbers of them.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa J. Alwan & Alaa A. Najim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Computational study of non-isothermal flows of compressible Newtonian fluids through axisymmetric contraction
This study is concerned with the numerical solution of compressible Newtonian fluid flows under thermal conditions through an axisymmetric contraction channel. The numerical method employed is a modified Taylor-Galerkin pressure correction approach (TG-PC-A) finite element algorithm, which builds upon the study of previous researchers. Here, attention is paid to studying the effect of Reynolds number (Re) on the solution's behavior. Particularly, we are focused on the influence of this parameter on the solution components and the level of convergence. In addition, the behavior of the vortices generated within the contraction under the effect of the Reynolds number has been studied as well. Since temperature is considered one of the basic components in this study, a detailed analysis of the relationship between temperature and Reynolds number was carried out. Furthermore, the influence of the Reynolds number on the convergence rates of pressure, velocity, and temperature has been examined to demonstrate the high efficiency achieved in numerical convergence. This study demonstrated that the Reynolds number directly influences the flow field and acts as a key parameter in regulating both the dynamic and thermal characteristics of the system under investigation. The findings are qualitatively consistent with established scientific principles and previously published studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rawa K. Al-Ganem, Alaa H. Al-Muslimawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Automated Brain Tumor Classification on Brain MRI Images uses CNN Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Techniques
Brain tumor identification and categorization are crucial for early diagnosis and treatment planning, using magnetic resonance imaging being the preferred non-invasive technique, manual interpretation is laborious and subject to observer variation. This study addresses these problems by introducing a hybrid framework for accurate and automated tumor classification that combines machine learning classifiers with deep feature extraction from convolutional neural networks (CNNs).We suggests a method for enhancing tumor boundaries using pre-processing techniques using median filtering and canny edge detection. Features extracted from a pre-trained CNN network are used for classification using various machine learning classifier. The system was tested on a publicly accessible MRI dataset. The CNN-SVM model with linear and RBF kernels reached the highest classification accuracy of 97.55%. This result surpassed traditional methods. The study concludes that merging CNN-based feature extraction with improved ensemble and kernel-based classifiers is both accurate and efficient.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vinodkumar R. Patil, Archana S. Vaidya, Manisha S. Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimal Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distribution Networks Using Differential Search Algorithm
This study proposes a novel approach for optimal coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays (DOCRs) in power distribution networks by employing the Differential Search Algorithm (DSA), complemented by a graph-theoretic network topology processor. The primary objective is to minimize relay operation time while maintaining the Coordination Time Interval (CTI) within an ideal range (0.3–0.8 seconds), thus ensuring selective and reliable protection under various fault scenarios, including those influenced by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The research adopts a non-linear optimization framework where the decision variables—Time Multiplier Settings (TMS), Plug Settings (PS), and time-inverse relay characteristics—are optimized. The study formulates the coordination problem under relay setting constraints, operational time limits, and CTI constraints. A detailed methodology involving fault analysis, load flow studies, selectivity constraint refinement, and relay setting computation ensures accurate coordination. DSA's performance is benchmarked against MATLAB-based Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) and the Seeker Algorithm across IEEE 3-bus and 8-bus test systems. The proposed method consistently achieves lower total operating times and better CTI compliance, eliminating miscoordination observed in other methods. Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), a parameter-independent algorithm, is also integrated to improve robustness and reduce dependency on algorithm-specific tuning. Results confirm the superiority of the DSA approach in optimizing DOCR settings, ensuring protection integrity even in dynamic, DER-penetrated environments. The proposed hybrid coordination strategy, with adaptive relay characteristics, is scalable, efficient, and applicable to real-time distribution systems, demonstrating significant advancements over traditional optimization techniques.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vijaykumar Kamble, Vaishali Kuralkar, Nandkumar Rawabawale Harish Avchat & Milind Gajare https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic Simulation and Immunogenicity Prediction of Human Glutaminase (4O7D) Interactions with HER2 and Telomerase
Cell metabolism, cancer development, and treatment resistance depend on protein-protein interactions. Cancer often overexpresses human glutaminase (GLS), an enzyme essential to glutamine metabolism, which may interact with cancer-related proteins, including telomerase (7BG9) and HER2 (1N8Z). Thus, this research uses a comprehensive in silico framework to analyze GLS's structural and immunological properties in complex with these targets. GLS, telomerase, and HER2 crystal structures were obtained from the Protein Data Bank and synthesized by using MOE software for protonation, energy minimization, and hydrogen addition. Protein-protein docking exhibited persistent interactions, with 4O7D-7BG9 complex exhibiting the highest binding affinity at -22.303 kcal/mol and 4O7D-1N8Z at -9.905 kcal/mol. Desmond 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed these docking findings by showing constant root-mean-square deviations (RMSD) and compact radii of gyration (Rg), suggesting structural stability. VaxiJen 2.0 gave GLS an antigenicity score of 0.5284, while BepiPred-2.0 detected multiple linear B-cell epitopes, suggesting immunogenicity. These findings demonstrate glutaminase's immunogenicity and significant cancer target interaction. Further trials are required to adapt these computational insights to clinical practice and develop new cancer or immune-based therapies. This is the first in silico study to project and confirm these interactions using molecular docking, molecular dynamics modelling, and immunogenicity analysis. This suggests a new way to relate glutamine metabolism to oncogenic signalling and cancer immunogenicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shymaa l. AL Barazanchi1, Noor T. Naeem, Shahad B. Ismael, Marwa I. Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0